The U.S. Federal government’s Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentialing program has created a set of standards and specifications for secure, standards-based credentials. Commercial organizations can leverage the PIV, PIV-interoperable (PIV-I) and Commercial Identity Verification (CIV) specifications to implement a secure identity credential than can be used for physical and logical access and that takes advantage of the wide range of conforming access control products, which can be purchased from a variety of suppliers.